mortality/aging
• expected Mendelian distribution ratios by E11.5
• embryonic lethality was observed at later times, and only 1 live embryo was identified among 44 embryos at E16.5
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homeostasis/metabolism
• indistinguishable from either wild-type or heterozygous littermates prior to E12.5
• often displayed hydrops fetalis at later stages
• histologically normal and no major structural defects in any organ systems were found
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embryo
• trophoblast giant cells number was increased and aberrantly distributed throughout the labyrinth layer in an E16.5 mutant mice
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• placenta was both smaller and thinner than wild-type littermate in an E16.5 mutant mice
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