cellular
• homozygous females mated with homozygous males or wild-type males give birth to smaller litters, with a mixture of average size pups and low birth weight pups, which often die within 1 week of birth as well as some late gestation lethality; small litter size and pup mortality are not observed when homozygous males are mated with wild-type females or when heterozygotes are mated together
• fetal development fails at the late stage of pregnancy in homozygous females because of extensive placental thrombosis
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reproductive system
N |
• testis appears normal
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• 33% reduction in litter size that is maternal-specific as matings of homozygous males with wild-type females results in normal litter sizes while matings of homozygous females with wild-type males results in low numbers of heterozygous offspring
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homeostasis/metabolism
N |
• no difference in the phospholipid composition of the liver and homozygotes are capable of adapting to a choline-deficient diet
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nervous system
N |
• brain appears normal and mice do not appear to have overt neurological defects
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