mortality/aging
• homozygous embryos are alive at E3.5 but fail to hatch, degenerate, and die before E6.5
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cellular
• in the absence of a broad spectrum PARP inhibitor mutant trophoblast stem cells display significantly increased apoptosis
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• in the absence of a broad spectrum PARP inhibitor mutant trophoblast stem cells display significantly reduced proliferation
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embryo
• homozygous embryos fail to hatch from the zona pellucida
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