growth/size/body
• body weight of mice are 10% lower than controls despite being similar in length
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• mice weigh over 20% less than controls when fed a high fat diet for 12 weeks
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adipose tissue
• mice have significantly less BAT than controls as measured by weight
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• size of adipocytes is smaller compared to wild-type controls when both are fed a chow or a high-fat diet
• mouse embryonic fibroblasts are impaired in their ability to develop into adipocyte-like cells
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• there are significantly less amounts of epididymal fat in these mice
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• there are significantly less amounts of inguinal fat in these mice
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• percent body fat is reduced by more than 25% on both chow and high-fat diets
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homeostasis/metabolism
• insulin levels are two-thirds lower than control in mice fed a high fat diet
• plasma insulin levels are also two-thirds lower in these mice when given a bolus of glucose
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• mice fed a high-fat diet almost half the serum levels of leptin compared to wild-type mice
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• mice have an increased oxygen consumption (normalized for body weight) when fed a high-fat diet
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• mice have higher tolerance to glucose challenge after being fed a high-fat diet compared to controls
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• mice fed a high fat diet higher drops in blood sugar upon insulin challenge compared to wild-type mice fed the same diet
• mice have a lower score than controls on the homeostasis model assessment measure of insulin sensitivity
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• mice fed a high-fat diet have higher serum levels of adiponectin
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