mortality/aging
cardiovascular system
• enlarged nuclei containing up to 50-fold more DNA and no binucleate cardiomyocytes are found in homozygotes
• polyploid cardiomyocytes are seen as early as E13 and the size of the nuclei increase from the outer wall inward to the ventricular or atrial cavity
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• the cardiomyocytes are irregularly oriented
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• the compact myocardium is thinner than normal
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liver/biliary system
• polyploid hepatocytes with a DNA content 5.5-fold higher than in normal cells are seen starting at E13 when the incidence of these cells is 10-fold higher than in wild-type mice
• the incidence of polyploid hepatocytes decrease with age and is only 3.9 fold higher at E16 and in neonatal homozygotes
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muscle
• enlarged nuclei containing up to 50-fold more DNA and no binucleate cardiomyocytes are found in homozygotes
• polyploid cardiomyocytes are seen as early as E13 and the size of the nuclei increase from the outer wall inward to the ventricular or atrial cavity
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• the cardiomyocytes are irregularly oriented
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• the compact myocardium is thinner than normal
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respiratory system
• the few live born homozygotes gasp for air and succumb to apparent suffocation; however, respiratory tract morphology is normal
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