reproductive system
N |
• sperm counts and testis weights are normal
|
• shortened apex
|
• malformation
|
• defective chromatin condensation
|
• males produce severely reduced litter sizes
• total number of pups produced by males is significantly reduced
• 40% of males fail to produce any pups
|
cellular
• shortened apex
|
• malformation
|
• defective chromatin condensation
|