• at E18.5, mutant submandibular glands have completely branched and canaliculized ducts but show signs of underdeveloped lobules that lack tubule secretory cells and ducts are connected directly with terminal buds (i.e. poor lumen formation)
• at E18.5, mutant inner tubule cells fail to differentiate and the overall morphology of terminal buds is similar to that of wild-type controls at E16.5
• at E16.5, mutant inner duct tubule cells are polygonal in shape and disorganized whereas wild-type controls are cuboidal and aligned in a row
• at E18.5, mutant proacinar cells are located at the distal end of the bud and lack secretory granules
• at E18.5, mutant submandibular glands fail to show apical expression of the water channel aquaporin 5 and display absence of staining for SMGC (a marker for tubule secretory cells) throughout the gland
• at E18.5, mutant submandibular glands maintain apicobasal cell polarity but show altered ZO-1 organization and fail to form lumens in both acinar and ductal structures or, in some cases, show poorly formed lumens
• mucin presence and distribution is altered at E16.5 and E18.5; mucin is expressed only in E18.5 wild-type glands