mortality/aging
• 9% of homozygotes die by 40 weeks of age compared to 1.6% of wild-type mice
• from 40 to 80 weeks of age 38 homozygous mice died
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neoplasm
• of the 38 homozygous mice that died between 40 and 80 weeks of age, 29 had tumors most of which were epithelial tumors of the major organs, especially the lung, liver, and gastrointestinal tract; in the same time period 8 wild-type mice died and 3 of those had tumors
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• DMBA treatment 3-5 days after birth resulted in skin tumors in about 50% of homozygous mutants at 4 months of age; no tumors were seen in wild-type mice
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• by 40 weeks of age 9 homozygotes (9%) develop lethal lymphoma that invades the thymus liver and spleen; no tumors were seen in wild-type mice by 40 weeks of age
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cellular
• prolonged prophase and anaphase are seen in mutant MEFs and mitotic errors, including lagging chromosomes, failed nuclear segregation, and cytokinesis failure are seen
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• more than 30% of metaphase mutant MEFs show aneuploidy or polyploidy
• nearly 17% of mutant MEFs contain more than 4N genomic DNA and many multinucleated cells are seen
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homeostasis/metabolism
• DMBA treatment 3-5 days after birth resulted in skin tumors in about 50% of homozygous mutants at 4 months of age; no tumors were seen in wild-type mice
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