mortality/aging
• only 6.7% of pups at birth are homozygous and these die shortly after birth; however the expected number of homozygous embryos are found at E14.5
|
muscle
respiratory system
• alveolar space is significantly reduced in neonates
|
• the lungs do not appear to inflate after birth
|
cardiovascular system
• congestion of the liver, lung, and spleen
|
• at E14.5 and at birth hypertrophy of the ventricles and atria is seen
|
cellular
• cell proliferation in homozygous embryos is reduced by 20% to 30% depending on the tissue examined
• MEFs from E13.5 embryos display a significantly lower growth rate and earlier senescence compared to wild-type MEFs
|
homeostasis/metabolism
skin edema
(
J:97640
)
• edema is seen under the skin
|
growth/size/body
• at E14.5 and at birth hypertrophy of the ventricles and atria is seen
|
• at E14.5 embryos are significantly smaller and almost all major organs are proportionally smaller
|
hematopoietic system
immune system
liver/biliary system
integument
skin edema
(
J:97640
)
• edema is seen under the skin
|
• cell number and proliferation are reduced; however apoptosis is normal
|