immune system
• polymorphonuclear neutrophils produce 5-fold more IL-12p40, 2-fold more TNF and moderately more IL-16; however cytokine production by macrophages is normal
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• neutrophil bactericidal activity but not phagocytosis is impaired and the production of reactive oxygen species in response to heat killed E. coli is severely reduced; however, the bactericidal activity of macrophages is normal
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• Th2 functions are impaired
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• after infection with Salmonella tymphimurium circulating levels of IL-12p40 are increased 4- to 7-fold
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• after infection with Salmonella tymphimurium circulating levels of IL-16 are increased 4- to 7-fold
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• after infection with Salmonella tymphimurium circulating levels of TNF are increased 4- to 7-fold
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• splenic CD4+ T cells produce less IL-4 in vitro even after PMA/ionomycin stimulation of under Th2 polarizing conditions and in vivo after infection with Leishmania mexicana
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• 24 hours after infection with a mutant strain of Salmonella tymphimurium with attenuated virulence homozygotes display signs of severe salmonellosis while wild-type mice appear healthy
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• 40% of homozygotes compared to no wild-type mice die 24 hours after infection with a mutant strain of Salmonella tymphimurium with attenuated virulence
• morbidity is accelerated following infection with Salmonella tymphimurium strain S14028 with 100% of homozygotes dead at 3 days compared to 5 days for wild-type mice
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• after infection with Leishmania mexicana lesions are smaller and lesion formation is delayed
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homeostasis/metabolism
• after infection with Salmonella tymphimurium circulating levels of IL-12p40 are increased 4- to 7-fold
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• after infection with Salmonella tymphimurium circulating levels of IL-16 are increased 4- to 7-fold
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• after infection with Salmonella tymphimurium circulating levels of TNF are increased 4- to 7-fold
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mortality/aging
• 40% of homozygotes compared to no wild-type mice die 24 hours after infection with a mutant strain of Salmonella tymphimurium with attenuated virulence
• morbidity is accelerated following infection with Salmonella tymphimurium strain S14028 with 100% of homozygotes dead at 3 days compared to 5 days for wild-type mice
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hematopoietic system
• polymorphonuclear neutrophils produce 5-fold more IL-12p40, 2-fold more TNF and moderately more IL-16; however cytokine production by macrophages is normal
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• neutrophil bactericidal activity but not phagocytosis is impaired and the production of reactive oxygen species in response to heat killed E. coli is severely reduced; however, the bactericidal activity of macrophages is normal
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• Th2 functions are impaired
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