mortality/aging
• homozygous embryos are present at E3.5 but fail to implant and are absent at E6.5
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embryo
• in vivo at E4.5 the blastocyst contains about 30% fewer nuclei
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• outgrowth of the inner cell mass fails in culture
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• outgrowth of the trophectoderm fails in culture
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• most E3.5 embryos (16 of 23) fail to hatch from the zona pellucida in culture and most of those (5 of 7) that hatch fail to attach to the dish
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• at E4.5 the inner cell mass is small, globular, and not closely apposed to the trophectoderm
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• at E4.5 trophectoderm cells appear larger compared to control cells
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cellular
• at E4.5 the number of mitotic cells is increased and abnormal mitotic figures are seen; however cells are still able to exit mitosis and the mitotic spindle checkpoint is functional
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• in vivo at E4.5 the blastocyst contains about 30% fewer nuclei
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• outgrowth of the inner cell mass fails in culture
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• outgrowth of the trophectoderm fails in culture
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reproductive system