cardiovascular system
• in some homozygotes heart size is increased by an average of about 26%
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• mean stroke volume is decreased
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• pressure-volume loops indicate subnormal contractility in some cases and in other cases severe heart failure
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• left ventricular systolic blood pressure shows greater variability in homozygotes
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• homozygous heart rates ranged from 270 -430 bpm compared to 226 - 294 bpm in wild-type mice
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behavior/neurological
respiratory system
• breathing difficulties
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muscle
• pressure-volume loops indicate subnormal contractility in some cases and in other cases severe heart failure
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homeostasis/metabolism
• serotonin levels are slightly reduced in the brainstem, severely reduced in the gut, blood, heart, lung, and kidney, and barely detectable in the pineal gland
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integument
growth/size/body
• in some homozygotes heart size is increased by an average of about 26%
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