mortality/aging
• about 50% of homozygotes die immediately after birth and none survive more than 12 hours
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muscle
• the back muscles display fewer muscle fibers, a greater variability in muscle fiber size, and myofibers with eosinophilic and homogeneous cytoplasm
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• nuclei appear larger and more multinucleated giant cell fusing myocytes are seen
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• the diaphragm has fewer muscle fibers, a greater variability in muscle fiber size, myofibers with eosinophilic and homogeneous cytoplasm, and is thinner compared to heterozygous or wild-type littermates
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• fewer muscle fibers, a greater variability in muscle fiber size, and myofibers with eosinophilic and homogeneous cytoplasm are seen
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respiratory system
• breathing is rapid and shallow; however lung development and lung inflation are normal
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homeostasis/metabolism
behavior/neurological
• homozygotes never suckle
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• almost no spontaneous movement is seen
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cellular
• apoptotic cells are more prominent in multiple organs at E19 and in newborns
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growth/size/body
• homozygotes are smaller than control littermates at birth
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• homozygotes weigh 35% less than control littermates at birth
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