mortality/aging
• die within one day after birth
• die earlier compared with controls under starvation conditions after caesarean delivery (13 hours vs. 21 hours in controls)
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growth/size/body
• seen at birth
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cellular
• autophagosomes are absent
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homeostasis/metabolism
• lower concentrations of essential and branched-chain amino acids in the sera at 10 hours after caesarean delivery
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