embryo
• low/abnormal pre-implantation development with low 2-cells and low blastocysts
|
reproductive system
N |
• normal ovary histology
|
• abnormally shaped sperm heads with short tails or without tails
|
• low and abnormal spermatid morphology, abnormal cells in epididymal lumen
|
• very low sperm motility
|
• low seminal vesicle weight
|
• low testis weight, very low epididymal sperm concentration
|
• females are infertile
|
• males are infertile and in vitro fertilization has very low success
|
endocrine/exocrine glands
• low seminal vesicle weight
|
cellular
• abnormally shaped sperm heads with short tails or without tails
|
• low and abnormal spermatid morphology, abnormal cells in epididymal lumen
|
• very low sperm motility
|