cellular
• MEFs are 24% smaller than in wild-type due to impaired growth but not accelerated cell division
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• MEFs accumulate proteins 1.4-fold faster than in wild-type, have a significantly shorter population doubling time, and exhibit a 14% decrease in the half-transit time of ribosomes
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• decrease in the percentage of MEFs in G1 phase, reflecting a shortening of G1 from 16.4 hours in wild-type to 8.2 hours in mutant MEFs
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endocrine/exocrine glands
• greater density of cells in islets
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• beta cells are reduced in size, however total beta cell mass is similar to wild-type and acinar cells and T lymphocytes are normal size
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• 2-fold decrease in total pancreatic insulin content
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homeostasis/metabolism
• 2-fold decrease in total pancreatic insulin content
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• 2-fold reduction in insulin levels during a fasting state
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• exhibit a higher and prolonged hyperglycemic response following glucose challenge
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• increased insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues
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liver/biliary system
• IL-7 dependent cells from E14 livers are 19% smaller than in wild-type, however newborn weight is normal
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