mortality/aging
• homozygosity for the transgene is developmentally lethal
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immune system
• insulitis develops more slowly in these mice than in the other transgenic GAD transgene line
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• mice show a decrease in the ratio of IFNG to IL-10
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• male and female mice expressing the transgene exhibit a significantly lower diabetes incidence compared to NOD mice; 14% of transgene-carrying females and 15% of males develop diabetes by the end of 50 weeks compared to 100% and 50% of nontransgenic female and male littermates respectively
• 3 positive glucose urine tests are indicative of diabetes
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endocrine/exocrine glands
• insulitis develops more slowly in these mice than in the other transgenic GAD transgene line
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homeostasis/metabolism
• three positive urine glucose tests are considered indicative of diabetes
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renal/urinary system
• three positive urine glucose tests are considered indicative of diabetes
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