mortality/aging
• about 10% of mutants die at 103 +/- 7 days of age
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• all (6) mutant females that gave birth died within 9+/-2 days of delivery and 4 mutant females died after mating but before delivery
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cardiovascular system
• mutants that die at 103 +/- 7 days of age have enlarged hearts
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• at 7 - 8 weeks of age, fractional shortening, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, and ejection fraction are reduced by 30%, 25%, and 21%, respectively; however no signs of hypertrophy are seen at this time
• impairment of cardiac function increases with age
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• the decline of caffeine-induced calcium transients is slower in mutant cells and caffeine-induced Na+-Ca2+ exchange current is absent
• current-voltage relationships for voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ currents are decreased
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muscle
• at 7 - 8 weeks of age, fractional shortening, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, and ejection fraction are reduced by 30%, 25%, and 21%, respectively; however no signs of hypertrophy are seen at this time
• impairment of cardiac function increases with age
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growth/size/body
• mutants that die at 103 +/- 7 days of age have enlarged hearts
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