behavior/neurological
• behavioral responses to methamphetamine, haloperidol, quinpirole, SCH23390, SKF81297, clozapine, and MK-801 are abnormal indicating abnormalities in dopamine and glutamate signaling
• however, dopamine and glutamate receptor numbers are normal
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• homozygotes show less hesitation before entering open zones (54% decrease in stretch-attend movements) and spend 50% more time in the open zones in an elevated zero-maze, but are not hyperactive in this maze
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• homozygotes display increased activity and fail to habituate when placed in an open field
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• homozygotes spend significantly less time investigating a novel object
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• prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex by prepulses of 74- and 76-dB are reduced to 64% compared to 92% inhibition in wild-type mice
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• when lifted by the tail homozygotes clasp their limbs and do not struggle
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• homozygotes have more difficulty crossing a beam than wild-type mice
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• shorter, narrower strides and improper foot placement is seen
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• homozygotes do not build normal nests and scatter or ignore nesting material
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nervous system
• the posterior fourth ventricle is enlarged
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• the posterior lateral ventricle is enlarged
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• the posterior third ventricle is enlarged
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• the aqueduct of Sylvius (connects the third and fourth ventricles) is enlarged
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• decreased commissural fibers are seen in the corpus callosum
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• the cingulate cortex is abnormal
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• the retrosplenial cortex is abnormal
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• the anterior hippocampus is reduced in size
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growth/size/body
• homozygotes weigh about 20% less than wild-type mice
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