mortality/aging
• die in the immediate postnatal period due to the absence of bones
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skeleton
• limb skeletons are hypoplastic, bent, and often deformed
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• ribs are bent and deformed
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• vertebrae are bent and deformed
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• endochondral skeletal elements such as the humerus have no bone trabeculae or bone collars
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• osteoblast differentiation is arrested
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• exhibit a decrease in endochondral and intramembranous ossification
• skeletal elements formed by endochondral bone formation, including the ribs, limb skeletons, and vertebrae are hypoplastic, bent, and often deformed
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• virtually no mineralization in any facial and skull bones generated by intramembranous bone formation, although very small parts of the maxilla, mandible, and parietal bones were calcified
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limbs/digits/tail
• limb skeletons are hypoplastic, bent, and often deformed
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cellular
• osteoblast differentiation is arrested
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