homeostasis/metabolism
• serum retinol levels were decreased by 98% in 15 week old mutant mice compared to wild-type littermates
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reproductive system
• prolonged vitamin A deficiency results in progressive testis degeneration
• immature spermatids are released during spermatogenesis
• testes show chronic loss of immature germ cells
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• immature germ cells, as well as spermatozoa, are shed into the epidydimides
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• mild vitamin A deficiency results in desquamation of round spermatids
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• mild vitamin A deficiency results in partial spermiation failure
• IX and X spermatids are retained in seminiferous tubules longer than normal
• some immature round spermatids detach from seminiferous epithelium and are released into tubule lumen
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• at 6 weeks of age, testicular levels of serum retinol and retinyl palmitate are 50% lower in mutant mice than in wild-type littermates
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endocrine/exocrine glands
• prolonged vitamin A deficiency results in progressive testis degeneration
• immature spermatids are released during spermatogenesis
• testes show chronic loss of immature germ cells
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cellular
• mild vitamin A deficiency results in desquamation of round spermatids
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