mortality/aging
• most mice die within one day of birth; remainder die within 72 hours
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• most mice die within one day of birth; remainder die within 72 hours
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growth/size/body
• at birth, homozygotes are smaller than wild-type littermates
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• at birth, homozygotes weigh ~10% less than wild-type littermates
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behavior/neurological
• 56% of mice exhibit a weak response to a neck pinch
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• homozygous mice do not vocalize when tail is pinched
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• homozygotes display abnormal limb movements; hindlimbs are more severely affected than forelimbs
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• homozygotes show impaired balance
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• mice show reduced motor activity
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nervous system
• there is decreased density of synaptic terminals and synaptic vesicles in spinal cords of homozygotes
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• extensive neurodegeneration is found in the cerebrum, rhinencephalon, and amygdaloid areas of mutants; degenerative neurons are characterized by severe swelling of the cytoplasm and nuclei with a number of vacuoles around these neurons
• some hippocampal neuronal degeneration is observed
• in culture, mutant hippocampal neurons show degeneration after 7-8 days; after 13 days in culture, 90% of neurons are dead compared with only ~25% death of wild-type neurons
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• in hippocampal fimbrias, many axons are dilated and filled with large autophagic organelles
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• abnormal clustering of small vesicles in spinal cords of homozygotes is observed
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