mortality/aging
• begin to die around E12.5 with all dead by E14.5
|
cardiovascular system
• in umbilical vessels the tunica media is severely reduced in thickness and this reduction is patchy in umbilical arteries but more uniform in umbilical veins
• the tunica media of umbilical vessels also contains significantly less extracellular matrix compared to controls
|
• the tunica media is poorly organized with vascular smooth muscle cells that have a cuboidal shape
|
• some vascular endothelial cells in umbilical veins appear enlarged and necrotic
|
• marked reduction in the number of cells in the tunica media of umbilical vessels
• cells in the tunica media of the aorta have a cuboidal morphology
|
• multiple aneurysmal dilations are seen in both umbilical arteries and veins and in many cases dissection of these vessels and associated hemorrhages are seen at the sites of dilation
|
hemorrhage
(
J:44352
)
• by E13.5 nearly all embryos show intra-amniotic and/or intra-embryonic hemorrhage
• by E14.5 embryos have exsanguinated into the amniotic cavity
|
• seen in 30% at E12.5 especially around the cardiac outflow tract and within the abdomen
|
hematopoietic system
• secondary to hemorrhage
• however, fetal liver cells produce normal numbers of erythroid and mixed colonies indicating normal fetal liver hematopoiesis
|
embryo
• at E13.5
|
• by E13.5 embryos appear bloated with pale heads and limbs and widespread necrosis
|
• widespread necrosis by E13.5, secondary to hemorrhage
|
muscle
• marked reduction in the number of cells in the tunica media of umbilical vessels
• cells in the tunica media of the aorta have a cuboidal morphology
|
growth/size/body
• at E13.5
|
microcephaly
(
J:44352
)
• seen at E12.5, particularly in the hindbrain region
|