growth/size/body
• female homozygotes have significantly lower body weights than corresponding wild-type mice (12% decrease) while body weight in males is equivalent in mutants and wild-type
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behavior/neurological
• mutants show a delay in acquisition of conditioned avoidance behavior
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• mutants show decreased exploratory and/or locomotor activity in open field tests
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• male homozygotes show decreased locomotor activity compared to wild-type males when placed in a novel environment (29% decrease in locomotor activity at 30 minutes); difference disappears by 60 minutes
• in an elevated plus maze test, no differences in open arm entries or time spent in open arms are observed, but the total distance traveled by homozygotes is significantly less than wild-type (28% decrease in males, 17% decrease in females)
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homeostasis/metabolism
• phospodiesterase (PDE) activity immunoprecipitated from the striatum is substantially reduced in homozygotes vs wild-type; null mice lack PDE activity while heterozygotes have only slightly less activity than wild-type
• no difference in activity precipitated from the cortex is seen between homozygotes, heterozygotes and wild-type
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