Analysis Tools
cardiovascular system
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• hearts exhibit the presence of ectopic cells juxtaposed to cardiomyocytes at the ventricular epicardial surface, within the atrial appendage and in the atrioventricular groove
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• cardiomegaly involves both ventricles and the interventricular septum, although the greatest increase in mass occurs at the base of the heart
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• hearts exhibit an increase in total catecholamines
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nervous system
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• mediastinal nerves leading to the heart are hypertrophied
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• sympathetic ganglia in the upper thoracic region contain more neurons (hyperplasia) and the individual neurons appear larger (hypertrophy)
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• stellate ganglia in the upper thoracic region contain more neurons and the individual neurons appear larger
• stellate ganglion shows an approximate 2-fold increase in the size of the neuronal cell bodies
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• superior cervical ganglion contains more neurons and is enlarged
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• individual neurons in the superior cervical ganglion appear larger
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• observe abundant never fibers on the epicardial surface and throughout the heart indicating hyperinnervation, with greater fiber density in the base than the apex
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growth/size/body
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• cardiomegaly involves both ventricles and the interventricular septum, although the greatest increase in mass occurs at the base of the heart
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