mortality/aging
• the few that are born die perinatally
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• majority die from E13.5 to E15.5, although the time of death is variable as a few embryos die later than this
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homeostasis/metabolism
• exhibit small focal edema in the midline of the craniofacial region at E12.5, mainly located on the tip of the snout and nasion
• at E13.5, the focal edema on the snout and nasion becomes enlarged and sometimes filled with blood and at E15.5, hemorrhagic edema is seen
• extensive edema is also seen on the head and back of some E13.5 and E15.5 embryos
• edema occurs at the anterior end of the nasopharynx, where nasal septum and the primary palate fuse
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cardiovascular system
• some E15.5 embryos show marked dilation of the left common carotid artery
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• smooth muscle is sometimes discontinuous, especially near the nasal cavity
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• thinner and contains fewer loosely packed cells
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hemorrhage
(
J:111399
)
• observe hemorrhagic edema and hemorrhage into the lateral ventricle at E15.5
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• blood vessels are dilated and rupture resulting in the hemorrhagic edema
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craniofacial
• observe occasionally due to edema
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• nasal separation is hampered due to edema in the middle of the nasal septum, although the fusion of the nasal septum with the palatal shelves and primary palate is retained
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• mucosal epithelium separates from the submucosa, resulting in a space filled by extracellular fluid (edema)
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muscle
• smooth muscle is sometimes discontinuous, especially near the nasal cavity
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• blood vessels are dilated and rupture resulting in the hemorrhagic edema
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respiratory system
• nasal separation is hampered due to edema in the middle of the nasal septum, although the fusion of the nasal septum with the palatal shelves and primary palate is retained
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• mucosal epithelium separates from the submucosa, resulting in a space filled by extracellular fluid (edema)
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digestive/alimentary system
• observe occasionally due to edema
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growth/size/body
• observe occasionally due to edema
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• nasal separation is hampered due to edema in the middle of the nasal septum, although the fusion of the nasal septum with the palatal shelves and primary palate is retained
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• mucosal epithelium separates from the submucosa, resulting in a space filled by extracellular fluid (edema)
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