mortality/aging
• occasional embryos undergoing necrosis are observed
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growth/size/body
• overall growth retardation is observed
• mutants weigh ~30-40% less than wild-type at birth, and remain ~20% smaller through adulthood
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reproductive system
• female mutants are infertile to hypofertile
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• female mutants are infertile to hypofertile
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• male mutants are hypofertile
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vision/eye
• homozygotes display delayed eyelid opening
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cellular
• mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from mutants double at ~half the rate of wild-type cells in culture
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