mortality/aging
• die at or immediately after birth
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respiratory system
• fail to begin breathing
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nervous system
• in 4 of 9 mice at E18.5 and P0 the third ventricle appears enlarged, similar to that in wild-type mice at E16.5
• however, no other gross defects in brain morphology are detected
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• synaptic vesicles in asymmetric synapses in the pons, cortex, medulla, and hippocampus have an elongated, drop-like or irregular shape
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• more asymmetric synapses containing only a single vesicles are seen and the average number of vesicles is significantly reduced
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• absence of spontaneous electrical activity in the hypoglossal root nerve and accompanying changes in fluorescence in the facial motor nuclei indicating a loss of respiratory-related rhythmic motor output
• absence of spontaneous rhythmic activity in the pre-Botzinger complex at E16.5
• unilateral electrical and chemical stimulation of the pre-Botzinger complex fails to induce bilateral bursts and instead produces only ispilateral responses in the vicinity of stimulation
• absence of fast synaptic events in the pre-Botzinger complex area suggesting a lack of AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated synaptic processing
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• absence of fast synaptic events in the pre-Botzinger complex area suggesting a lack of AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated synaptic processing
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behavior/neurological
• absent toe-pinch reflex at E18.5
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• at E18.5
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growth/size/body
• significantly smaller than control littermates at E18.5
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• weigh about 8% less than littermate controls at E18.5
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homeostasis/metabolism