mortality/aging
• fewer than the expected numbers of homozygotes are seen at weaning (13% instead of the expected 25%)
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growth/size/body
• starting around E14.5, fetuses and placenta show a global growth delay, including delayed digit and incisor formation
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• from birth to weaning, do not gain weight as rapidly as controls so that at weaning are 50% smaller than wild-type
• at 6 weeks of age, remain 30% smaller than wild-type and in adulthood, weigh about 25% less
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• postnatal development, including fur growth, eyelid opening, and incisor eruption are routinely delayed
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embryo
• starting around E14.5, fetuses and placenta show a global growth delay, including delayed digit and incisor formation
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skeleton
• exhibit delayed ossification that is particularly visible in phalangeal, metatarsal, talus, and calcaneous bones of the foot
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cellular
• primary MEFs remain longer in G1
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• isolated primary MEFs proliferate about 45% slower than wild-type
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