mortality/aging
• die suddenly in the absence of preceding illness between 9 and 16 months of age
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growth/size/body
• exhibit a decrease in weight gain that becomes obvious after about 3-4 months of age, with mutants weighing on average, 15% less than controls
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cardiovascular system
• cardiomyocytes within the bundles exhibit occasionally small vacuoles and loss of sarcomere
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• multifocal cardiac fibrosis, where bundles of myocardial fibers are embedded in the dense fibrous tissue
• focal fibrosis is in both the ventricles and in the interventricular septum
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• 7 of 9 show cardiac arrhythmias as early as 6 months of age
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• as early as 9 months of age, some mutants develop complete atrioventricular dissociation
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• display prolonged PR interval as early as 6 months of age and later develop complete atrioventricular dissociation
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• cardiomyopathy with increased fat accumulation
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adipose tissue
• brown adipose tissue contains more abundant lipid accumulation than controls
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liver/biliary system
• increase in number and size of lipid droplets in hepatocytes is seen as early as 6 months of age and further increases as mice age
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homeostasis/metabolism
• mutants are unable to maintain fasting blood glucose levels as controls, showing a decline in glucose after 24 hours of fasting
• however, under normal non-fasting conditions, blood glucose levels are normal
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• exhibit an elevation of long-chain acylcarnitine levels (a fatty acid intermediate)
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muscle
• cardiomyocytes within the bundles exhibit occasionally small vacuoles and loss of sarcomere
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• cardiomyopathy with increased fat accumulation
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• skeletal muscle shows a small increase of lipid in the muscle fibers
• otherwise, histopathology of the skeletal muscle appears normal
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