mortality/aging
• embryos fail to develop past E5.5
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embryo
• apoptotic cells appear in ICM of mutant blastocyst cultures on day 5, while heterozygous blastocysts continuously proliferate after 10 days of culture
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• in culture, trophoblasts attach to the dish, but ICM cells fail to form outgrowths
• ICM cells stop proliferating, while trophoblast cells continue to proliferate
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• embryos fail to develop past E5.5; at E6.5, wild-type embryos have a cylinder-like 2-layered structure, but homozygotes lack this structure
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• at E6.5, homozygotes display disorganized embryonic structures
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• at E6.5, homozygotes display disorganized extraembryonic structures
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cellular
• apoptotic cells appear in ICM of mutant blastocyst cultures on day 5, while heterozygous blastocysts continuously proliferate after 10 days of culture
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• in culture, trophoblasts attach to the dish, but ICM cells fail to form outgrowths
• ICM cells stop proliferating, while trophoblast cells continue to proliferate
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