mortality/aging
• premature death starting around 75 days of age, with all mice dead by 3 months due to progressive increase in seizure intensity
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growth/size/body
• significantly decreased body weight in males at 4, 5, and 8 weeks of age and in females only at 8 weeks of age
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behavior/neurological
• low auditory startle response
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• a severe shaking phenotype is apparent before weaning at 3 weeks of age
• shaking occurs upon locomotion
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• distinct jive dance-like gait
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• significant reduction in average distance moved during a 6-min open field test relative to wild-type controls around 50 days of age
• however, no differences in mobility or time spent in the periphery, center or corners of the open field
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• seizures occur upon external stimuli such as cage opening and researcher interference in the cage
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• silent seizures progress into tonic seizures
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• shaking is followed by silent seizures around 50 days of age
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nervous system
• seizures occur upon external stimuli such as cage opening and researcher interference in the cage
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• silent seizures progress into tonic seizures
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• shaking is followed by silent seizures around 50 days of age
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• severe alterations in white matter structures at 45 and 65 days of age, as detected by T1, T2 and diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging
• however, no significant alterations in grey matter structures such as the cortex and hippocampus
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• increase in signal intensity in the area of corpus callosum on T2-weighted images at 45 and 65 days of age, with decrease in signal intensity seen on T1-weighted images at 45 days
• significant increase in spin-spin relaxation time (T2) in the corpus callosum at 45 and 65 days of age
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• decrease in signal intensity in the area of cerebellum seen on T1-weighted images at 45 days of age
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• slight reduction in sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) latency relative to wild-type controls over the musculus gastrocnemius at 8 weeks but not at 4 or 5 weeks of age
• however, no differences in SNAP amplitude, compound muscle action potential (CMAP) latency and CMAP amplitude relative to wild-type controls at 4, 5 and 8 weeks of age, suggesting that peripheral nerve conductance is largely normal
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hearing/vestibular/ear
• auditory threshold of more than 90 dB, indicating that lines are severely hearing impaired in 8- to 12-week-old animals
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