cardiovascular system
• adult mice have grossly enlarged hearts
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• base of dilated right ventricle merges with interventricular septum above apex of heart; this is apparent by E13.5 and persists in adults
• at 6 weeks of age, ectopic activation of atrial regular and structural genes (>10-fold greater than wild-type littermates) is observed in ventricular myocardium
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• VSDs are not observed in all mice, however, some show VSDs or delay of ventricular septal formation at E13.5-17.5
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• at 6 weeks of age, mice show an increase in systolic left ventricular internal diameter (LVID)
• normal diastolic left ventricular internal diameter does not change significantly relative to wild-type
• atrial naturietic factor (ANF) and Tbx5 expression is increased in left ventricle at E17.5, whereas expression is seen in atria and trabecular cells in wild-type
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• deterioration in heart contractility, accompanied by decreased fractional shortening (FS)
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muscle
• deterioration in heart contractility, accompanied by decreased fractional shortening (FS)
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growth/size/body
• adult mice have grossly enlarged hearts
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