mortality/aging
• all homozygous embryos are dead or undergoing resorption at E12.5 and later times; only one homozygote was identified among living animals at 4 weeks of age
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embryo
N |
• yolk sac and yolk sac vessels appear normal
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cardiovascular system
N |
• no definite abnormalities are seen in endocardial cushions, right ventricular wall, right ventricular outflow tract, or other derivatives of the secondary hear field
|
• at E10.5 and E11.5, engorgement of the cardinal veins is apparent, suggesting cardiac dysfunction
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• many embryos show moderate thickening of the atrial myocardium
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• junctions between left ventricular cardiomyocytes are abnormal; cells have short membrane contact sites while controls show long stretches of membrane contacts with electron density
• junctions between epicardial and endocardial cells appear normal
• myofilament bundles are thinner than in wild-type and appear less compact
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• hyperplasia of proximal heart tube is seen at E10.5
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• thickened left ventricle is result of increased cell numbers
|
• at E10.5 and 11.5, null embryos can be identified by prominence of the left ventricular silhouette
• left ventricular wall is abnormally thickened, with partial obliteration of the ventricular lumen
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• proliferation rate of left ventricular cardiomyocytes is twice that in wild-type hearts
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muscle
• many embryos show moderate thickening of the atrial myocardium
|
• junctions between left ventricular cardiomyocytes are abnormal; cells have short membrane contact sites while controls show long stretches of membrane contacts with electron density
• junctions between epicardial and endocardial cells appear normal
• myofilament bundles are thinner than in wild-type and appear less compact
|
• proliferation rate of left ventricular cardiomyocytes is twice that in wild-type hearts
|
cellular
• proliferation rate of left ventricular cardiomyocytes is twice that in wild-type hearts
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growth/size/body
• thickened left ventricle is result of increased cell numbers
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