Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• the sperm flagellum is thin at the end of the midpiece
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• the spermatozoon midpiece appears disorganized
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• the annulus is oval shaped instead of triangular and linked only to the mitochondria instead of the mitochondria, fibrous sheath and plasma membrane as in wild-type mice
• in the epididymis, sperm flagellum is radically bent and displays a hairpin shape with the annulus either abnormally shaped, ectopically located or isolated from other flagellar structures
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• unequally sized mitochondria that fail to form a regular helical pattern are observed
• during elongation of the spermatid annulus relocation fails to reach the midpiece-principal piece junction leading to incomplete mitochondrial sheath
• gaps are observed in mitochondria surrounding the terminal segment of the midpiece
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• unequally sized mitochondria
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• in the epididymis, sperm flagellum is radically bent and displays a hairpin shape with the annulus either abnormally shaped, ectopically located or isolated from other flagellar structures
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• the angulation of the sperm tail is abnormal
• angulation defects are not present in sperm within the testes but incidence of abnormal angulation increases as sperm travels through the epididymis
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• in vitro, cauda epididymal sperm do not exhibit a hyper-phosphorylation profile specific of capacitation events
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• ATP consumption after 1 hour at 37 degrees Celsius is reduced (16.5% compared to 64.5% in wild-type sperm)
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• sperm are completely immotile as determined by microscopic examination of sperm from the cauda epididymis
• mice produce 4.6% motile sperm including 3% progressive sperm compared to 60% including 36.25% progressive sperm in wild-type mice as determined by a Hamilton-Thorne motility analyzer
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• the percentage of sperm undergoing an acrosomal reaction is lower than in wild-type sperm
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cellular
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• the sperm flagellum is thin at the end of the midpiece
|
|
|
• the spermatozoon midpiece appears disorganized
|
|
|
• the annulus is oval shaped instead of triangular and linked only to the mitochondria instead of the mitochondria, fibrous sheath and plasma membrane as in wild-type mice
• in the epididymis, sperm flagellum is radically bent and displays a hairpin shape with the annulus either abnormally shaped, ectopically located or isolated from other flagellar structures
|
|
|
• unequally sized mitochondria that fail to form a regular helical pattern are observed
• during elongation of the spermatid annulus relocation fails to reach the midpiece-principal piece junction leading to incomplete mitochondrial sheath
• gaps are observed in mitochondria surrounding the terminal segment of the midpiece
|
|
• unequally sized mitochondria
|
|
|
• in the epididymis, sperm flagellum is radically bent and displays a hairpin shape with the annulus either abnormally shaped, ectopically located or isolated from other flagellar structures
|
|
|
• the angulation of the sperm tail is abnormal
• angulation defects are not present in sperm within the testes but incidence of abnormal angulation increases as sperm travels through the epididymis
|
|
|
• sperm are completely immotile as determined by microscopic examination of sperm from the cauda epididymis
• mice produce 4.6% motile sperm including 3% progressive sperm compared to 60% including 36.25% progressive sperm in wild-type mice as determined by a Hamilton-Thorne motility analyzer
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