mortality/aging
• mice only survive up to E12 when they are present in reduced ratios
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embryo
• at E12.5, placental labyrinth is 40% thinner than in wild-type mice
• however, the spongiotrophoblast layer is well developed
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• at E12.5, placental labyrinth appears less organized
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cellular
• at E10.5, migratory cells in the limb bud or the hypoglossal stream are reduced compared to in wild-type mice
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muscle
• muscle progenitor cells are 3 times less abundant and do not move as far distally as in wild-type mice
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• muscle progenitor cells are 3 times less abundant and do not move as far distally as in wild-type mice
• at E12.5, muscle precursor cells are reduced in number relative to in wild-type mice
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