reproductive system
• only very few cauda epididymal sperm appear normal: EM showed small abnormally shaped nuclei, bending of tails from the neck region, and excess of cytoplasm
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• cauda epididymal sperm show tail anomalies, including thin tails and disorganized accessory structures
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• some epididymal sperm tails exhibit a mislocalized mitochondrial sheath
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• some epididymal sperm tails show absence of the mitochondrial sheath
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• many epididymal sperm tails lack a detectable anti-AKAP4-positive fibrous sheath
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• some epididymal sperm show bending of tails from the neck region
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• cauda epididymal sperm show defective head structures including small heads and abnormal head shapes
|
• fragmented acrosomes and abnormal acrosomal vacuoles are frequently observed and Golgi complexes appear remarkably prominent in round spermatids
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• several pin-head spermatozoa with tubulin-positive thin tails but no DAPI-positive nuclei are detected
• EM of epididymal sperm showed small abnormally shaped nuclei
• however, some germ cells are able to undergo condensation as shown by the presence of condensed nuclei among both testicular elongating spermatids and mature sperm
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• epididymal sperm show small abnormal heads that are frequently bent over the tail
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• pin-head sperm with tubulin-positive axonemal structures but no DAPI-positive heads are frequently detected
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• spermatid elongation is severely disrupted; only very few normal step 15-16 spermatids are detected
• nearly all late spermatids exhibit abnormal head shape and chromatin condensation and a disrupted organization of tail accessory structures including a disorganized midpiece
• step 9 spermatids show defective polarization of the head, with H1T2 (a testis-specific histone H1 variant) no longer polarized underneath the developing acrosome; instead, H1T2 shows a bipolar localization pattern at both the apical and basal side of the nucleus
• condensed elongating spermatids show defects in head shaping, disorganized manchettes and abnormal bending of the head
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• step 9-12 elongating spermatids display a disorganized manchette
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• anti-tubulin staining revealed that the manchette is distributed more randomly in the cytoplasm of elongating spermatids, often surrounding the whole nucleus
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• at 8 weeks of age, the number of haploid germ cells is lower than that in control testis (53% versus 74.7%)
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• number of mature spermatozoa is drastically reduced in the cauda epididymis
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• at 8 weeks of age, TUNEL staining revealed an increased number of apoptotic spermatocytes in the seminiferous tubules both at stages XII-I and at stages IV-V
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small testis
(
J:177677
)
• adult testis size is ~50% smaller than that in control males
|
• at 8 weeks of age, stage VII-VIII seminiferous tubules show a severe disruption in spermatid elongation, as determined by the amount, organization and nuclear morphology of elongating spermatids
• stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle are often disorganized with haploid cells from different developmental stages being mixed in the same cross sections
• arrest in spermatid elongation appears to occur before initiation of nuclear condensation, as indicated by the high number of uncondensed elongating spermatids, presence of hyperacetylated H3-positive elongating spermatids in all the stages of seminiferous epithelial cycle, and low number of protamine-positive nuclei
• however, spermatogonia and early meiotic cells appear normal and overall organization of Sertoli and germ cells in the seminiferous epithelium is unaffected
|
• numerous exfoliated immature germ cells are frequently found in the epididymal lumen
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• adult males fail to sire pups after mating with wild-type females
|
cellular
• only very few cauda epididymal sperm appear normal: EM showed small abnormally shaped nuclei, bending of tails from the neck region, and excess of cytoplasm
|
• cauda epididymal sperm show tail anomalies, including thin tails and disorganized accessory structures
|
• some epididymal sperm tails exhibit a mislocalized mitochondrial sheath
|
• some epididymal sperm tails show absence of the mitochondrial sheath
|
• many epididymal sperm tails lack a detectable anti-AKAP4-positive fibrous sheath
|
• some epididymal sperm show bending of tails from the neck region
|
• cauda epididymal sperm show defective head structures including small heads and abnormal head shapes
|
• fragmented acrosomes and abnormal acrosomal vacuoles are frequently observed and Golgi complexes appear remarkably prominent in round spermatids
|
• several pin-head spermatozoa with tubulin-positive thin tails but no DAPI-positive nuclei are detected
• EM of epididymal sperm showed small abnormally shaped nuclei
• however, some germ cells are able to undergo condensation as shown by the presence of condensed nuclei among both testicular elongating spermatids and mature sperm
|
• epididymal sperm show small abnormal heads that are frequently bent over the tail
|
• pin-head sperm with tubulin-positive axonemal structures but no DAPI-positive heads are frequently detected
|
• spermatid elongation is severely disrupted; only very few normal step 15-16 spermatids are detected
• nearly all late spermatids exhibit abnormal head shape and chromatin condensation and a disrupted organization of tail accessory structures including a disorganized midpiece
• step 9 spermatids show defective polarization of the head, with H1T2 (a testis-specific histone H1 variant) no longer polarized underneath the developing acrosome; instead, H1T2 shows a bipolar localization pattern at both the apical and basal side of the nucleus
• condensed elongating spermatids show defects in head shaping, disorganized manchettes and abnormal bending of the head
|
• step 9-12 elongating spermatids display a disorganized manchette
|
• anti-tubulin staining revealed that the manchette is distributed more randomly in the cytoplasm of elongating spermatids, often surrounding the whole nucleus
|
• at 8 weeks of age, the number of haploid germ cells is lower than that in control testis (53% versus 74.7%)
|
• number of mature spermatozoa is drastically reduced in the cauda epididymis
|
• Golgi complexes appear remarkably prominent in round spermatids
|
• at 8 weeks of age, TUNEL staining revealed an increased number of apoptotic spermatocytes in the seminiferous tubules both at stages XII-I and at stages IV-V
|
endocrine/exocrine glands
small testis
(
J:177677
)
• adult testis size is ~50% smaller than that in control males
|