nervous system
N |
• mice exhibit normal brain and spinal cord morphology, and normal dopaminergic neurons and axons, cell death or micro- and astrogliosis in the substantial nigra, striatum, locus coeruleus and cerebral cortex
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• in old-aged mice, neurons display cytoplasmic vacuoles and disruptions in the Golgi network and endoplasmic reticulum
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• in aged mice, neurons display cytoplasmic vacuoles, disruptions in the Golgi network and endoplasmic reticulum, occasionally detached outer nuclear membrane, and mitochondria abnormalities including electron dense inclusion bodies, dilated and disorganized cristae and protrusions
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cellular
• the number of damaged mitochondria is increased 195% in the substantia nigra and up to 900% in the frontal cortex compared to in wild-type mice
• however, the number of mitochondria in affected brains is normal and no mitochondrial swelling is observed
• mitochondrial damage increases and the number of mitochondria decreases with age in the substantia nigra and frontal cortex
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• respiration rate is decreased 29.5% when glutamate/malate is used as a substrate after treatment with CCCP
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• state 3 respiration from complex I is reduced 18.7% compared to in wild-type mice
• however, respiratory rates starting at complex II or complex III/IV or state 4 are normal
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