cellular
• although telomere length in the first generation of mice are normal, by the fifth generation the number of chromosomes lacking telomeres is increased
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• apoptosis in gastrointestinal crypts is increased by the fifth generation and cell half-life is decreased compared to in a wild-type mouse
• 86.2% of gastrointestinal crypt cells undergo S-phase prior to apoptosis
• apoptosis in gastrointestinal crypt cells does not require mitosis
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