reproductive system
• less than 40% of oocytes finish germinal vessel breakdown
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• the number of eggs recovered from super ovulation is reduced (1.5 eggs per female compared to 38 oocytes per wild-type females)
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• superovulated ovaries contain defects in preovulatory follicles and trapped oocytes
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• follicle degeneration with luteinization observed
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• folliculogenesis fails to proceed past the preantral/early antral stage
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• folliculogenesis fails to proceed past the preantral/early antral stage
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• although testes and sperm development are normal at 2 to 3 months of age, by 7 months of age seminiferous tubules display heterogeneous disorganization, vacuolization and reduced germ cell number
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• at 7 months of age the number of germ cells is decreased due to increased apoptosis
• however, germ cell number at 2 to 3 months of age is normal
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• following stimulation with carbachol (a stimulator of nitrous oxide release) or electrical field stimulation, corpus cavernosum tissue exhibits a decreased response compared to wild-type tissue
• however, the production of nitrous oxide is normal
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• virtually all males fail to produce pups after mating for more than 3 months with proven fertile females
• however, males exhibit normal copulatory behavior and their sexual drive is normal
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• both males and females exhibit decreased fertility
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cellular
• less than 40% of oocytes finish germinal vessel breakdown
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• the number of eggs recovered from super ovulation is reduced (1.5 eggs per female compared to 38 oocytes per wild-type females)
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• at 7 months of age the number of germ cells is decreased due to increased apoptosis
• however, germ cell number at 2 to 3 months of age is normal
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• mitochondria isolated from the testies, spermatozoa, splenic lymphocytes brain are hyperpolarized with higher levels of ATP than in wild-type mice
• rates of superoxide ion generation in the testes, brain and sperm are increased compared to in wild-type mice
• however, mitochondrial number and volume are normal
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• mitochondrial respiratory complex I and I+III activity are lower than in wild-type mice in the testes
• citrate synthase activity in the testes is lower than in wild-type mice
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growth/size/body
• mice weight 10% less than wild-type mice
• however, after 4 to 5 months the weight difference is not significant
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endocrine/exocrine glands
• superovulated ovaries contain defects in preovulatory follicles and trapped oocytes
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• follicle degeneration with luteinization observed
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• folliculogenesis fails to proceed past the preantral/early antral stage
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• folliculogenesis fails to proceed past the preantral/early antral stage
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