muscle
• extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles display reduced twitch and maximal titanic absolute force compared to wild-type
• the muscle specific force is impaired
• EDL maximal tetani is 25% lower than in wild-type mice (287+/-38.6 mN per mm2 compared to 381+/-46.7 mN per mm2 in wild-type mice)
• the maximal titanic force is reduced in the solei (244+/-41.6 compared to 301+/-46.7 in wild-type mice)
• however, there are no alterations in contraction and relaxation kinetics, muscle structure or fast-to-slow fiber transition
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• skeletal muscle strength is decreased 20% to 30%
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homeostasis/metabolism
• in a voluntary running wheel set-up, mice run less than wild-type in terms of total distance covered and median cruise speed is lower than in wild-type mice
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behavior/neurological
• in a voluntary running wheel set-up, mice run less than wild-type in terms of total distance covered and median cruise speed is lower than in wild-type mice
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