cellular
• ~78% of homozygous mutant sperm heads display an abnormal shape compared to sperm from heterozygotes
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• homozygous mutant sperm heads are extremely thin
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• at step 16, homozygous mutant spermatids exhibit thinner heads
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reproductive system
• male homozygotes display defective sperm development at the latest step of spermatogenesis
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• ~78% of homozygous mutant sperm heads display an abnormal shape compared to sperm from heterozygotes
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• homozygous mutant sperm heads are extremely thin
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• at step 16, homozygous mutant spermatids exhibit thinner heads
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• average litter size is 2.5 pups, reduced from litters from heterozygous by wild-type matings
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• when male homozygotes are crossed to wild-type females, only 13% of females become pregnant compared to a rate of 86% of females crossed with heterozygous males
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• in vitro fertilization experiments show reduced ability of mutant sperm to fertilize oocytes; 24 hours after insemination, only 20% of oocytes have become fertilized by sperm from mutant males, compared to around 80% of oocytes when heterozygous sperm is tested
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homeostasis/metabolism
N |
• serum testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels are comparable between heterozygous and homozygous animals
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