cardiovascular system
• pronounced myofibrillar fragmentation, mitochondrial swelling, outer mitochondrial membrane disruption, and cellular vacuolization in aged mice
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• markedly decreased cardiomyocyte size
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• modest increase in left ventricular end systolic dimensions but no significant change in end diastolic dimensions
• however, no fibrosis is seen
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• mRNA levels of several pathological markers of heart failure are elevated
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• age-dependent dilated cardiomyopathy
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• decreased fractional shortening and ejection fraction in mice over 9 months of age
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muscle
• age-dependent dilated cardiomyopathy
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• decreased fractional shortening and ejection fraction in mice over 9 months of age
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• pronounced myofibrillar fragmentation, mitochondrial swelling, outer mitochondrial membrane disruption, and cellular vacuolization in aged mice
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• markedly decreased cardiomyocyte size
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• reduced myofibrillar cross-sectional area of the tibial anterior muscle
• myofiber disruption is more severe in skeletal muscle than in cardiac muscle
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• decreased skeletal muscle weight
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• skeletal muscle atrophy
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growth/size/body
homeostasis/metabolism
• reduced swimming endurance time
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behavior/neurological
• reduced swimming endurance time
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