Analysis Tools
vision/eye
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• TUNEL+ cells are present in the ONL as early as 1 month of age, peak at 6 months of age, and taper off thereafter
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• mice exhibited a mild, age-dependent photoreceptor cell loss, with a similar loss of nuclei in both the inferior and superior regions of the retina
• photoreceptor cell loss is progressive until 12 months of age but stabilizes thereafter
• retinal degeneration is due to loss of both M-cone and S-cone photoreceptor cells and is accompanied by oxidative stress
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• PNA and anti-cone arrestin antibody staining is reduced in both the superior and inferior regions of the retina at 12 months, but not at 1 month, of age, indicating an age-dependent loss of cone photoreceptor cells
• at 12 months, significant loss of M-cones is detected in both the superior and inferior regions; the level of S-cones is lower in both regions but loss of S-cones is statistically significant only in the inferior region
• housing mice under constant dark conditions reduces oxidative stress but does not prevent the age-dependent cone photoreceptor cell loss seen in the superior and inferior regions
• notably, rod photoreceptor cells are largely normal at 1 month and at 12 months of age, consistent with a normal a-wave under scotopic conditions
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• mice show a small reduction in the number of photoreceptor cell nuclei spanning the outer nuclear layer (ONL) at 12 months, but not at 1 month, of age
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• at 12 months of age, b-wave amplitude is slightly lower at increasing intensities of white light flashes under scotopic conditions, but significantly lower at higher light intensities under photopic conditions relative to that in age-matched controls
• at 9 months of age, photopic b-wave is markedly lower in response to green and UV light stimuli, indicating dysfunction of both M-cone and S-cone photoreceptor cell subtypes
• in contrast, a-wave amplitude is normal under scotopic conditions
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cellular
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• TUNEL+ cells are present in the ONL as early as 1 month of age, peak at 6 months of age, and taper off thereafter
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• analysis of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence in retinal homogenates showed a greater age-dependent increase in ROS levels than in control retinas
• at 12 months of age, 4-HNE staining colocalizes with PNA staining, indicating that increased retinal ROS levels cause lipid peroxidation in cone photoreceptor cells
• housing mice under constant dark conditions reduces the levels of ROS; however, retinal homogenates still exhibit age-dependent increases in ROS levels that are greater than those in control retinas
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nervous system
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• mice exhibited a mild, age-dependent photoreceptor cell loss, with a similar loss of nuclei in both the inferior and superior regions of the retina
• photoreceptor cell loss is progressive until 12 months of age but stabilizes thereafter
• retinal degeneration is due to loss of both M-cone and S-cone photoreceptor cells and is accompanied by oxidative stress
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• PNA and anti-cone arrestin antibody staining is reduced in both the superior and inferior regions of the retina at 12 months, but not at 1 month, of age, indicating an age-dependent loss of cone photoreceptor cells
• at 12 months, significant loss of M-cones is detected in both the superior and inferior regions; the level of S-cones is lower in both regions but loss of S-cones is statistically significant only in the inferior region
• housing mice under constant dark conditions reduces oxidative stress but does not prevent the age-dependent cone photoreceptor cell loss seen in the superior and inferior regions
• notably, rod photoreceptor cells are largely normal at 1 month and at 12 months of age, consistent with a normal a-wave under scotopic conditions
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