mortality/aging
• mice begin to die at 110 days and none survives beyond 190 days unlike wild-type mice
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muscle
• muscles are pale compared to in wild-type mice
• muscles have few intermyofibrillar mitochondrial that are localized to the subsarcolemmal space, densely packed and swollen compared to in wild-type muscles
• the EDL and soleus exhibit increased expression of slow-twitch-specific markers
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• at 90 and 140 days
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• muscles exhibit signs of dystrophy including mononuclear cells, a high number of small and large muscle fibers, active de- and re-generation, and centralized nuclei unlike in wild-type muscle
• dystrophy is severe in the diaphragm
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• the soleus muscle exhibits characteristics (time to peak, half time to peak and relaxation time of the twitch) of slow muscles unlike in wild-type mice
• twitch force and maximal titanic absolute force for the EDL and soleus muscles are less than in wild-type muscles
• the EDL and soleus muscles are more resistant to fatigue than in wild-type mice
• muscles exhibit a reduction in aerobic capacity compared to in wild-type muscles
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• slower than in wild-type muscles
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homeostasis/metabolism
• mice run for shorter and less frequent bouts than wild type mice with decreased top running speeds
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growth/size/body
• mice appear lean
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• at 63 days of age
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adipose tissue
• at 140 days
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skeleton
• mice develop severe kyphosis beginning at 2 months of age unlike wild-type mice
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behavior/neurological
• mice run for shorter and less frequent bouts than wild type mice with decreased top running speeds
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cellular
• slower than in wild-type muscles
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