behavior/neurological
• display enhanced long term memory for object location after subthreshold training
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• food intake is increased during both day and night periods by about 30-50%
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• display enhanced memory in a novel object recognition assay after subthreshold training
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• mice have a free running period of 23.2 hours when in constant darkness compared to 23.6 hours for controls
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growth/size/body
• mice are born the same weight as controls but begin to weigh significantly less at 4-6 weeks of age and maintain this weight difference through out their lifespan
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• mice are resistant to developing obesity when on a high fat diet
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adipose tissue
• adipogenesis from embryonic fibroblasts is modestly increased
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• there is a trend of decreased size for adipocytes
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• size and weight of perigonadal fat pad is decreased compared to age-matched controls
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• percent body fat is reduced compared to age-matched controls
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homeostasis/metabolism
• mice are resistant to developing obesity when on a high fat diet
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• there are significantly higher levels of circulating ketones during some parts of the day but not others
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• there are significantly higher levels of circulating free fatty acid during some parts of the day but not others
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• oxygen consumption is significantly increased at night
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• mice have increased hepatic glucose production when fed normal chow but with reduced hepatic glucose production in the setting of the hyperinsulinemic clamp
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• hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies reveal increased insulin sensitivity of mice on a normal chow diet
• increased insulin sensitivity is still observed when controls are weight-matched
• mice are also protected against developing insulin resistance with reduced hepatic glucose production in the setting of the hyperinsulinemic clamp
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• mice have increased oxygen consumption and heat production during their active dark period
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