mortality/aging
• embryos die at E11.5 due to placental deficiencies
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embryo
• at E10.5, placenta has a mean diameter of 3.8 mm compared to 5.2 mm in controls
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• at E8.5, there is a reduction in the trophoblast giant cell layer (TGC)
• by E10.5, the thickness of all three trophoblast layers is severely reduced with the TGC layer almost completely absent
• cells within the trophoblast layer have defects in cell cycle progression with reduced proliferation rates at E7.5 and E8.5
• cells within the trophoblast layer have a defect in the G-to-S transition
• these cells are also defective in endoreduplication cell cycles that are necessary for proper differentiation
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• primary trophoblast giant cells are completely absent by E9.5
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• primary trophoblast giant cells are completely absent by E9.5
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• a rapid expansion of this layer, found in the wild-type placenta, does not occur at E9.5- E10.5
• as a result, the layer is decreased significantly in volume at E10.5
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