mortality/aging
• die between E11.5 and E12.5
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cardiovascular system
• at E9.5 the truncus arteriosus appears thin, transparent and swollen
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• at E9.5 in some embryos the entire heart appears swollen with thin transparent walls
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• the cardiac jelly is enlarged in many embryos
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• at E10.5
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• at E10.5, walls are thin and fragile
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• some embryos show complete regurgitation of the blood into the heart during diastole
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• at E9.5 ventricular contractions appear weaker and blood accumulates in the ventricles of some embryos
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cellular
N |
• no increase in apoptosis is detected in embryos at E10.5
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• at E9.5 endoplasmic reticuli from cells in the heart and optic cup show signs of engorgement and vesiculation
• at E10.5 endoplasmic reticulum from cells in the endocardial, muscular and epicardial regions of the heart show proliferation, vesiculation and engorgement
• engorged endoplasmic reticuli are accompanied by an accumulation of lipoid bodies
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• at E9.5 mitochondrial changes are visible in cells from the heart and optic cup
• at E10.5 mitochondria in the heart appear pale and engorged and many lack cristae
• at E10.5 degenerating mitochondria are seen in the optic cup
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• at E10.5 plasma membrane ceramide levels are reduced while in the endoplasmic reticulum ceramide levels are increased
• however, plasma membrane fluidity is similar to controls
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• in embryos at E10.5
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• ceramide levels are elevated
• assays suggest that mitochondrial function is impaired
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homeostasis/metabolism
• reduced sphingomyelin levels at E10.5
• total hexosylceramide content is reduced at E10.5
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embryo
• at E7.5 - E10.5
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growth/size/body
• at E7.5 - E10.5
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muscle
• at E9.5 ventricular contractions appear weaker and blood accumulates in the ventricles of some embryos
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