mortality/aging
• embryos die between E10.5 and E12.5
• tetraploid rescue does not permit survival beyond E12.5
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embryo
• in whole embryos at E9.5
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• at E8.5 and E9.5
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• defects in neural tube closure at E9.5
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cellular
• delay in the G1 phase of the cell cycle
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• most cells derived from homozygous embryos die after the first plating
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• in whole embryos at E9.5
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• MEFs grow more slowly and stop growing at lower cell densities compared to controls
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nervous system
• defects in neural tube closure at E9.5
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growth/size/body
• at E8.5 and E9.5
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