mortality/aging
• mean and maximum life span is reduced by 59% and 55%, respectively, compared to in wild-type mice
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• mice develop kyphosis and loss of subcutaneous fat earlier in life than wild-type mice
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cardiovascular system
• mice exhibit an increase in cardiac myocyte cross-sectional area and increased variability in cross-sectional areas compared to in wild-type mice
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• at 7 to 11 months, mice exhibit increased heart weight to body weight compared to wild-type mice that becomes more pronounced with age
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• at 7 to 11 months, mice exhibit degenerative cardiac hypertrophy that becomes more pronounced with age
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• at 9 months of age
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immune system
• 3-fold at 5 months of age
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• at 2 months of age, IGFBP-3 expression in the myocardium is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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• 200% in the myocardium at 2 months of age
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• 300% in the myocardium at 2 months of age
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• in the myocardium at 2 months of age
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cellular
• primary cardiomyocytes exhibit increased cellular sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide compared to wild-type cells
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• primary cardiomyocytes exhibit increased cellular sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide compared to wild-type cells
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• at 5 months, cardiomyocyte apoptosis is increased 200% compared to in wild-type mice
• in culture, cardiomyocytes exhibit a 2-fold increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis compared to wild-type cells
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adipose tissue
• earlier in life than wild-type mice
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homeostasis/metabolism
• at 2 months of age, IGFBP-3 expression in the myocardium is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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• mice exhibit a general decrease in stress-resistance mechanism compared to wild-type mice
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pigmentation
• at 5 months, lipofuscin accumulates in the myocardium unlike in wild-type mice
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skeleton
hematopoietic system
• 3-fold at 5 months of age
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muscle
• mice exhibit an increase in cardiac myocyte cross-sectional area and increased variability in cross-sectional areas compared to in wild-type mice
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• at 5 months, cardiomyocyte apoptosis is increased 200% compared to in wild-type mice
• in culture, cardiomyocytes exhibit a 2-fold increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis compared to wild-type cells
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integument
• earlier in life than wild-type mice
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growth/size/body
• at 7 to 11 months, mice exhibit increased heart weight to body weight compared to wild-type mice that becomes more pronounced with age
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• at 7 to 11 months, mice exhibit degenerative cardiac hypertrophy that becomes more pronounced with age
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